"We Speak Visually": User-Generated Icons for Better Video-Mediated Mixed-Group Communications Between Deaf and Hearing Participants

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, videoconferencing technology has been widely adopted as a convenient, powerful, and fundamental tool that has simplified many day-to-day tasks. However, video communication is dependent on audible conversation and can be strenuous for those who are Hard of Hearing. Communication methods used by the Deaf and Hard of Hearing community differ significantly from those used by the hearing community, and a distinct language gap is evident in workspaces that accommodate workers from both groups. Therefore, we integrated users in both groups to explore ways to alleviate obstacles in mixed-group videoconferencing by implementing user-generated icons. A participatory design methodology was employed to investigate how the users overcome language differences. We observed that individuals utilized icons within video-mediated meetings as a universal language to reinforce comprehension. Herein, we present design implications from these findings, along with recommendations for future icon systems to enhance and support mixed-group conversations. © 2023 ACM.

"I Won't Go Speechless": Design Exploration on a Real-Time Text-To-Speech Speaking Tool for Videoconferencing

The COVID-19 pandemic has shifted many business activities to non-face-to-face activities, and videoconferencing has become a new paradigm. However, conference spaces isolated from surrounding interferences are not always readily available. People frequently participate in public places with unexpected crowds or acquaintances, such as cafés, living rooms, and shared offices. These environments have surrounding limitations that potentially cause challenges in speaking up during videoconferencing. To alleviate these issues and support the users in speaking-restrained spatial contexts, we propose a text-to-speech (TTS) speaking tool as a new speaking method to support active videoconferencing participation. We derived the possibility of a TTS speaking tool and investigated the empirical challenges and user expectations of a TTS speaking tool using a technology probe and participatory design methodology. Based on our findings, we discuss the need for a TTS speaking tool and suggest design considerations for its application in videoconferencing. © 2023 ACM.

Lung re-transplantation for COVID-19 related respiratory failure: A case report

Objectives: We would like to report a case in which a COVID-19 patient who was transferred to our hospital due to a lack of medical resources due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Daegu, South Korea, on February, 2020, underwent double lung transplantation after 110 days with VV-ECMO support and performed double lung re-transplantation 865 days after lung transplantation. Method(s): ECMO was performed on a total of 69 patients with COVID-19-related acute circulatory/ respiratory failure from February 2020 to December 2022. Among them, 16 patients were registered for lung transplantation, and 5 out of 16 registered patients performed lung transplants. One in five people who performed lung transplantation performed retransplantation on the 865thday after transplantation. Result(s): A 52-year-old female patient was transferred to our hospital, and VV-ECMO was performed the next day. The double lung transplantation was performed 112 days after hospitalization and was discharged 238 days after surgery. 668 days after lung transplantation, home O2 was applied as bronchitis obliterans syndrome, and her lung function deteriorated rapidly later, and re-transplantation was decided. In the patient;s HLA test, HLA class I cPRA% was 32% and HLA class II cPRA% was 100%. Desensitization was performed six times plasmapheresis with administrating Botezomib and immunoglobulin, and then re-transplantation was performed on the 865th day after lung transplantation. The patient has maintained her daily life without any special complications other than the occurrence of central DI after surgery. The pathological findings of the lung previously transplanted to the patient were acute rejection (ISHLT grade A2), chronic airway rejection (ISHLT grade C1, B0), and chronic vascular rejection (ISHLT grade D1). Conclusion(s): The long term result of patients who performed lung transplantation with COVID 19 related respiratory failure is still unknown. Therefore, even patients who have undergone long-term VV-ECMO support due to COVID 19 related respiratory failure are expected to achieve good results if lung transplantation is needed by carefully approaching and treating with a multidisciplinary approach.

Comparing COVID spread to mask-wearing rates in public transportation using AI detection

The spread of COVID-19 has resulted in several changes worldwide. In particular, border closures and economic stagnation have significantly affected societies. Although the implementation of preventive measures has improved the pandemic scenario in several countries, the effectiveness of vaccines has decreased with the emergence of mutant viruses. With this background, the use of masks is considered the best method for preventing the spread of the virus. Notably, public transportation is closely related to socioeconomic activities, and the spread of infectious diseases is more likely in closed, dense, and congested areas. Moreover, the probability of infection during public transportation also depends on the proportion of commuters wearing masks. Based on the closed-circuit television footage of various public transportation spaces, the number of mask wearers can be analysed using artificial intelligence deep learning, and the probability of COVID-19 spread can be predicted by determining the proportion of mask wearers among the commuters. With this background, in this study, the importance of masks in controlling the spread of the virus is confirmed. In conclusion, appropriate measures can be implemented by determining the probability of infection according to the mask-wearing rate in public transportation spaces. © 2023 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.

Pandemic Dining Dilemmas: Exploring the Determinants of Korean Consumer Dining-Out Behavior during COVID-19

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic's significant impact on the dining-out industry, this study examined factors influencing consumers' dining-out behavior changes using a unified theoretical framework based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and select components of the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model. A quantitative research method was employed, analyzing 536 valid survey responses collected in South Korea in early 2021 using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings showed that consumer attitude, perceived control, and subjective norm positively influenced dining-out intention, supporting the TPB. However, risk information-seeking behavior discourages dining-out behavior without significantly affecting intention. Fear emerged as a determinant of dining-out intention, risk information-seeking behavior, and dining-out behavior, highlighting the importance of emotions over rational thinking. This study contributes to existing literature by incorporating dining-out intention, COVID-19-related information-seeking behavior, and fear as key antecedents of dining-out behavior during the pandemic, while validating formative indicators that constitute risk information-seeking behavior and dining-out behavior in the research model.

Host genetic determinants of COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with susceptibility and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, identified SNPs are inconsistent across studies, and there is no compelling consensus that COVID-19 status is determined by genetic factors. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of genetic factors on COVID-19. A random-effect meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) of SNP effects, and SNP-based heritability (SNP-h2 ) of COVID-19. The analyses were performed using meta-R package, and Stata version 17. The meta-analysis included a total of 96,817 COVID-19 cases and 6,414,916 negative controls. The meta-analysis showed that a cluster of highly correlated 9 SNPs (R2  > 0.9) at 3p21.31 gene locus covering LZTFL1 and SLC6A20 genes was significantly associated with COVID-19 severity, with a pooled OR of 1.8 [1.5-2.0]. Meanwhile, another 3 SNPs (rs2531743-G, rs2271616-T, and rs73062389-A) within the locus was associated with COVID-19 susceptibility, with pooled estimates of 0.95 [0.93-0.96], 1.23 [1.19-1.27] and 1.15 [1.13-1.17], respectively. Interestingly, SNPs associated with susceptibility and SNPs associated with severity in this locus are in linkage equilibrium (R2  < 0.026). The SNP-h2 on the liability scale for severity and susceptibility was estimated at 7.6% (Se = 3.2%) and 4.6% (Se = 1.5%), respectively. Genetic factors contribute to COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. In the 3p21.31 locus, SNPs that are associated with susceptibility are not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with SNPs that are associated with severity, indicating within-locus heterogeneity.

Study on Evaluation of Critical Minerals for the Development of Korea's Materials-parts Industry

Through COVID-19, the importance of supply chain management of raw material minerals has been maximized. In particular, supply chain management is important for rare metals, which are difficult to manage demand and supply, in order to secure raw materials for the parts and materials industry that Korea is actively promoting. In this study, a system was established and evaluated to select Critical minerals that need to respond to Korea's industrial structure and global risks by quantifying tangible and intangible risk factors. Global Supply Concentration, Supplying country risk, Policy Social Environment Regulation, Domestic Import Instability, Risk responsiveness, Market Scale, Demand Fluctuation and Economic Importance were evaluated as evaluation indicators. The degree of risk and risk impact were quantitatively measured using the criticality matrix-criticality level. After evaluating 40 types of minerals used in domestic new growth businesses, 15 types of Critical minerals(Li, Pt, Co, V, REE, Mg, Mo, Cr, Ti, W, C, Ni, Al, Mn, Si) in Korea were selected. The results are expected to be used to establish policies to strengthen resource security and to make decisions to form a company's raw material portfolio.

Risk factors for delirium among patients with advanced cancer in palliative care: a multicenter, patient-based registry cohort in South Korea

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have comprehensively investigated the preva-lence and various potential risk factors for de-lirium among patients with advanced cancer ad-mitted to the acute palliative care unit (APCU). Our objective was to evaluate the comprehen-sive association between delirium and various risk factors among patients with advanced can-cer in an acute palliative care setting using a pa-tient-based multicenter registry cohort.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter, patient-based registry cohort study collected in South Korea between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. Delirium was identified using a medical record review based on the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.RESULTS: In total, 2,124 eligible patients with advanced cancer in the APCU met the inclu-sion criteria. There were 127 out of 2,124 pa-tients (prevalence, 6.0%;95% CI, 5.0 to 7.1) with delirium during admission. Delirium in patients with advanced cancer was associated with age >70 years (OR, 1.793;95% CI, 1.246 to 2.581), male sex (OR, 1.675;95% CI, 1.131 to 2.479), no chemotherapy during hospitalization (OR, 2.019;95% CI, 1.236 to 3.298), hearing impairment (OR, 3.566;95% CI, 1.176 to 10.810), underweight (OR, 1.826;95% CI, 1.067 to 3.124), current use of opioid medication (OR, 1.942;95% CI, 1.264 to 2.982), previous history of delirium (OR, 12.497;95% CI, 6.920 to 22.568), and mental illness (OR, 2.333;95% CI, 1.251 to 4.352).CONCLUSIONS: In a large-scale multicenter patient-based registry cohort, delirium was asso-ciated with old age, male sex, no chemotherapy during hospitalization, hearing impairment, un-derweight, current use of opioid medication, and a history of delirium and mental illness. Our find-ings suggest physicians should pay attention to delirium in patients with advanced cancer admit-ted to the APCU with the above risk factors.

Reliability and Lifetime of a Novel 222-nm KrCl Excilamp

Recent studies in the epidermis have shown that Far-UVC (200-230nm) is a promising candidate against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) with little DNA damage. Due to the consideration that conventional Far-UVC KrCl excilamps may emit 200-230 nm radiation (typically 222-nm peak wavelength) but with some harmful UV radiation beyond 230 to 280 nm, a novel design of Far-UVC KrCl excilamps with the filter and reflector is introduced to reduce the harmful UV radiation from 10.9% to 2.5% at the cost of 30%similar to 40% reduction in the total irradiance. In our study, the radiant characteristics and service life of the novel Far-UVC KrCl excilamps of 40 similar to 75 Watt (electrical power) with 222-nm peak wavelength were investigated. The service life was assessed under aging at the ambient temperatures (T-a) of 25 degrees C and 85 degrees C for 500 hours, respectively. The results showed that both the ambient temperature and the root mean square of current (I-rms) into the excilamps have a substantial effect on the lifetime of the KrCl excilamps. Furthermore, although no significant change of the off-nominal emission ratio existed during the lifetime test, it was observed that the high ambient temperature has a negative effect on the filtering of the harmful radiation.

Attentive Multi-Task Prediction of Atmospheric Particulate Matter: Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Air pollution, especially the continual increase in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), is a global environmental challenge. To reduce the PM concentration, a remarkable amount of machine learning-based research has been proposed. However, increasing the accuracy of the predictions and providing clear interpretations of the predictions are challenging. In particular, no studies have addressed models that predict and interpret PM before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we present a two-step predictive and explainable model to obtain insights into reducing PM. We first use attentive multi-task learning to predict the air quality of cities. To accurately predict the concentration of particles with sizes of similar to 10 mu m or similar to 2.5 mu m (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively), we demonstrate a performance difference between single-task and multi-task learning, as well as among the state-of-the art methods. The proposed attentive model with multi-task learning outperformed the others in terms of accuracy performance. We then used Shapley additive explanations, a representative explainable artificial intelligence framework, to interpret and determine the significance of features for predicting PM10 and PM2.5. We demonstrated the superiority of the proposed approach in predicting and explaining both PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, and observed a statistically significant difference in air pollution before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Does the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Measure Coronaphobia the Same Way for Mourners With and Without Dysfunctional Grief?

Deaths from COVID-19 have exceeded 6.5 million people globally. Although many people are mourning the loss of loved ones to this deadly disease, little is known about the validity of measuring coronavirus-related anxiety with this particular group of people. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS) measures the coronaphobia construct the same way for mourners with and without dysfunctional levels of grief. The results indicated that the four-item version of the CAS has acceptable fit indices and is partially invariant between people with dysfunctional and non-dysfunctional grief. Moreover, the CAS demonstrated adequate criterion validity and reliability with this group of bereaved adults. In conclusion, the CAS can be used to measure anxiety due to COVID-19 in people who are going through dysfunctional and non-dysfunctional grieving processes. © The Author(s) 2023.

Preliminary Analysis on Efficacy of Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir on Disease Progression among High-Risk Hospitalised Covid-19 Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Intro: Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir has shown efficacy in reducing the rate of hospitalisation and 28-day mortality among unvaccinated populations with COVID-19. The role of Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir among high risk hospitalised COVID-19 patients remained uncertain. Our study aimed to assess the efficacy of Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in reducing disease progression among high-risk hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Method(s): This is a retrospective case-control study (ratio 1:1) among hospitalised COVID-19 patients with mild-moderate severity, within 5 days of illness, and had at least one risk factor for severe disease. Treatment group (case) received Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir twice daily for 5 days. Historical controls before the introduction of Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir were obtained in the same hospital. Both groups received standard of care. The primary outcome was rate of clinical progression from non-hypoxia to hypoxia. Finding(s): 200 patients from January to July 2022 were included in the analysis, where 108 (54%) were male, mean age of 63.7 (SD 17.1), 95% completed primary COVID-19 vaccination and 91 (45.5%) had evidence of pneumonia (moderate severity). Most common comorbids were hypertension(65%), diabetes mellitus(40%) and overweight(36%). Clinical progression to hypoxia was significantly lower in the treatment group (4%) compared to the control group (18%) (OR=0.190, 95% CI: 0.0618 - 0.583). Comparing case to control, the rates of ICU admission were 1% vs 3%, mechanical ventilation 0% vs 2% and inpatient mortality 2% vs 2%. 97% patients completed Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in the treatment group. Conclusion(s): Among high-risk hospitalised COVID-19 patients who received ritonavir-boosted nirmatrevir, they were 81% less likely to experience desaturation. Ritonavir-boosted Nirmatrelvir remains beneficial among highly vaccinated populations during the Omicron wave in COVID-19 pandemic.Copyright © 2023

Perceptions of health status, physical fitness, and participation in physical activity among adolescents before and after COVID-19: analysis of 2019-2021 data from the Republic of Korea national sports survey

Research has examined the detrimental effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on health and physical fitness in adolescents;however, studies comparing these parameters before and after the COVID-19 outbreak have been scarce. Therefore, this study investigated differences in perceived health status, perceived physical fitness, and participation in physical activity among adolescents in the Republic of Korea before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. We chose a sample of data from 2102 adolescents aged 14-19, collected as part of a national survey by the Republic of Korea Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism from 2019 to 2021. We focused on five items from the survey related to health awareness and physical activity. Although perceived health status was lower in 2021 than in 2019 or 2020, there were no differences in perceived physical fitness during the three years of the study. Regular participation in physical activity was less common in 2020 than in 2019 or 2021. The proportion of adolescents reporting sufficient rest and sleep was lower in 2021 than in 2020. In addition, fewer adolescents reported eating regular meals and engaging in nutritional supplementation in 2021 than in 2019 and 2020. Rates of abstinence from alcohol and smoking cessation were higher in 2021 than in 2019 or 2020. For all three years, adolescents reported the following as the primary reasons for engaging in regular physical activity (in order): "maintenance of mental health", "maintenance of physical health", "help in daily life", and "reduction of medical expenses". In preparation for the post-COVID-19 era, these results highlight the need to prepare measures and countermeasures to promote health and physical activity among adolescents in the Republic of Korea.Copyright ©2023 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.

Opportunistic Respiratory Pathogens in Symptomatic Non- Covid-19 Adults during a Presumptive Influenza Season

Intro: It is hypothesized that metagenomics could contribute to the effective sentinel surveillance of emerging infections to identify plausible cause of respiratory symptoms in the population. Method(s): This study forms part of a longitudinal household cohort study involving the collection of respiratory symptoms and vaccination history in Hong Kong. As a pilot, selected households were provided with swab collection kit for collecting nasopharyngeal and throat samples when there was an influenza-like illness (ILI) during a 4-month presumptive period of the year's winter influenza season. Sequence-Independent Single Primer Amplification (SISPA) and nanopore metagenomic sequencing were performed. After basecalling, demultiplexing, and quality filtering, taxonomic classification was done. Unclassified and host reads were removed and only taxon with over 0.1% abundance were included in the analysis. Finding(s): Between December 2021 and April 2022, of 101 collection kits delivered, 36 (36%) participants returned the samples. Two (6%) had previous COVID-19 diagnosis and almost all (97%) received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Metagenomics sequencing was performed on 13 samples collected from participants when ILI was present. Of the 1,592,219 reads obtained, 5308 taxa were identified and 136 had over 0.1% abundance, including 128 bacteria, 6 fungi, and 1 virus, which was a bacteriophage. The five most abundant genera of bacteria included Neisseria (19%), Streptococcus (10%), Haemophilus (9%), Veillonella (3%), and Rothia (3%). Haemophilus parainfluenzae was the most abundant species with 97,542 (6%) reads, followed by Neisseria meningitides (5%). Other bacteria identified included Rothia mucilaginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Lautropia mirabilis, Veillonella atypica, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus pneumonia. Inter-participant abundance profile was significantly different (p<0.001). Conclusion(s): The absence of viral infections identified echoed the extremely low proportion (3/21986, or 0.01%) of respiratory specimens testing positive for influenza virus by the government laboratory during the same period. The metagenomic profile could be useful for identifying the likely ILI-causing pathogen.Copyright © 2023

UHPLC/TOFHRMS analysis and anti-inflammatory effect of leaf extracts from Zizyphus jujuba in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

Zizyphus jujube is a plant in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) that has been the subject of research into antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties of its fruit and seed. However, few studies have investigated its leaves. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of ZJL (an extract of Z. jujube leaf) was evaluated to verify its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent and SARS-CoV-2 medicine, using nitric oxide (NO) assay, RT-PCR, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and UHPLC/TOFHRMS analysis. We found that ZJL suppresed pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. ZJL acted by inhibiting NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathway activity. We also confirmed that ZJL contains a phenol compound and flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity such as trehalose, maleate, epigallocatechin, hyperoside, catechin, 3-O-coumaroylquinic acid, rhoifolin, gossypin, kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside, rutin, myricitrin, guaiaverin, quercitrin, quercetin, ursolic acid, and pheophorbide a. These findings suggest that ZJL may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs and vaccines via inhibition of NF‐ĸB and MAPK signaling in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. © Korean Society for Plant Biotechnology.

NSF REU entrepreneurially minded applied energy program evaluation: traditional delivery versus alternative delivery (implemented during COVID-19)

Purpose: The National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) programs are traditionally delivered in-person and full-time (40 h per week) for 10 weeks during the summer. However, this type of format has the potential to limit broader student participation. This study aims to compare learning assessment data between a traditional NSF REU (10 weeks of summer, full-time, in-person) to an alternative NSF REU delivered virtually, part-time and over 10 months as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: A retrospective pre-then-post survey was completed to assess perceived learning gains for each REU program. Three learning gains categories were assessed: entrepreneurial competencies, career goals and research skill development. T-tests were used to evaluate a difference in means between pre and post. Findings: Findings show the greatest quantity of learning gains within the alternative program delivery. Moreover, a larger quantity of learning gains was perceived within the first semester of the alternative program delivery compared to the second semester. Practical implications: The authors propose the NSF should be intentional about trying new approaches to REU programs delivery, including duration and format, as a way to broaden participation in engineering. Originality/value: This study is original in that it is the first of its kind to assess an alternative REU program delivery (allowed only because of the COVID-19 pandemic) in comparison to traditional REU program delivery. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Development of an automatic window opening system to control the ventilation rate

Under the influence of COVID-19, it is recommended to ventilate to reduce the risk of infection in the room. In an air-conditioned room, window open can increased the ventilation rate that caused by indoor and outdoor temperature difference. However, there is a concern that opening window in the air-conditioned room will increase the heating and cooling load due to air leakage. In addition, it is difficult to maintain the appropriate ventilation rate because the outdoor air temperature changes time to time. To solve this problem, we have developed an automatic window opening system to control the natural ventilation rate. In this study, actual measurements were conducted to understand the operating performance of the system, and its effect on the indoor thermal environment. As a result, it was confirmed that the ventilation rate could be controlled by this system. © 2022 17th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, INDOOR AIR 2022. All rights reserved.

Climate Change and Human Security in the Context of the Global Pandemic: Emphasising Responses that Maximise Synergies

COVID-19 has changed the way we understand risk and vulnerability. The pandemic provides a more in-depth understanding of how systemic risks work and how they affect lives, livelihoods and economies at a broader scale. Consequently, a range of impacts was observed, including loss of human health, livelihoods, loss of general wellbeing, protracted poverty and loss of developmental gains. The pandemic has exacerbated social and economic inequalities as most affected are vulnerable groups of people, including the elderly or part-time workers with low-income jobs. The impacts of the pandemic on political decision-making resulted in security consequences spanning national and regional scales. The pandemic directly affected human security as people's ability to live peacefully, free of fear and live with dignity has been severely affected. These pandemic experiences call for revisiting the concepts of human security in developmental planning. With this background in view, the chapter evaluated the nexus between human security, climate change and pandemics. It also provides essential pointers that can help identify suitable policies and practices to promote human security while mitigating climate change and pandemics. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 2022.

Gravity Settling of Particles and Ventilation Characteristics by Natural Ventilation Method

It has been suggested that COVID-19 causes airborne infection by fine particles called droplet nuclei and reducing the risk of indoor infection by ventilation is attracting attention as an infection control measure. However, the characteristics of fine particles are not considered in indoor ventilation plans, and the behavior and removal effect of particles by ventilation have not been sufficiently clarified. Therefore, in this study, numerical analysis using a single aperture model is performed under various conditions to evaluate how indoor concentration trends and ventilation rates are affected by these factors in order to properly evaluate the outflow characteristics of chemical species and particulate matter due to ventilation. © 2022 17th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, INDOOR AIR 2022. All rights reserved.